Prescription of statins and pharmacokinetic interactions in Colombian patients.

Background: Statins have extensive hepatic metabolism and can have multiple pharmacological interactions. The aim was to identify the main pharmacokinetic interactions between statins and their comedications in a group of patients from Colombia.Research design and methods: A cross-sectional study of pharmacokinetic interactions in patients treated with statins who were identified from a population database. The interactions were documented using the Lexicomp® database.Results: A total of 123,026 patients with statin prescriptions were identified, with a mean age of 68.4 ± 11.5 years; 57.1% were women, and 81.6% received atorvastatin. A total of 19.4% (n = 23.831) of patients presented pharmacological interactions. Some 15,474 (12.6%) had interactions classified as category C, 7.4% (n = 9077) as category D, and 0.5% (n = 660) as category X. 36.8% of the patients with lovastatin prescriptions had some interaction. Age older than 65 years, male sex, residence in capital cities, comorbidities, endocrine pathologies and HIV were associated with an increase in the probability of having contraindicated or risky interactions.Conclusions: Important interactions between statins and other medications were more common in adults over 65 years of age and those with endocrine comorbidities or HIV infection. This knowledge should help when proposing solutions that reduce the risk of adverse reactions.

Clinical characteristics and stratification of the cerebrovascular accident risk among patients with atrial fibrillation in Colombia, 2011-2016.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia worldwide. This study aimed to determine the sociodemographic and clinical features of AF in a Colombian population.Methods: An observational, retrospective study was conducted using a sample of patients diagnosed with AF. Electronic medical records were reviewed to determine specific sociodemographic, clinical, risk stratification, outcome, and pharmacological variables.Results: A total of 357 patients with a mean age of 69.4 ± 13.3 years were included; 52.4% (n = 187) were women. Most patients (84.0%; n = 300) had an elevated risk of thromboembolism and an indication for anticoagulation, but 72 (24.0%) of these patients did not receive such treatment. Among the patients, 23.2% had HAS-BLED scores ≥3. During the study period, 76 patients (21.3%) had 121 adverse events, of which 75.2% (n = 91) were any bleeding events (major, minor, etc.) and 24.8% (n = 30) were thrombosis events (i.e., stroke). At the end of the follow-up period, the number of prescriptions for direct anticoagulants had increased, and warfarin decreased.Conclusions: AF primarily affects Colombian adults >65 years old. A high burden of comorbidities and a risk of thromboembolism were found in most patients; however, lack of treatment was evident in a large percentage of cases.

Hemolytic anemia as the initial presentation of Wilson's disease. Regarding a rare disease with an infrequent presentation / Anemia hemolítica como presentación inicial de la enfermedad de Wilson. A propósito de una enfermedad rara con una presentación infrecuente

Abstract Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the excretion capacity of copper. Its distribution is worldwide, with an estimated prevalence in 30 cases per million habitants. Although the most frequent symptoms are those of hepatic and neuropsychiatric origin, hemolytic anemia with negative Coombs may be the only manifestation of the disease and its presentation usually precedes for months to clinically evident liver disease or neurological manifestations. The case of a young patient with negative Coombs hemolytic anemia and an alkaline phosphatase / total bilirubin ratio <4 and AST / ALT> 2.2 is presented, establishing Wilson's disease as a diagnosis. (Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1459).

Resumen La enfermedad de Wilson es un raro trastorno genético que afecta la capacidad de excreción del cobre. Su distribución es mundial, con una prevalencia estimada en 30 casos por millón de habitantes. Aunque los síntomas más frecuentes son los de origen hepático y neuropsiquiatricos, la anemia hemolítica con Coombs negativo puede ser la única manifestación de la enfermedad y su presentación suele preceder por meses a la enfermedad hepática clínicamente evidente o las manifestaciones neurológicas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven con anemia hemolítica Coombs negativo y relación fosfatasa alcalina/bilirrubina total <4 y AST/ALT >2,2, en quien terminó por establecerse como diagnóstico una enfermedad de Wilson.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1459).

Microscopic polyangiitis and antiphospholipid syndrome. An uncommon association / Poliangitis microscópica y síndrome antifosfolípido. Una asociación infrecuente

ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome is frequently associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. However, coexistence with primary vasculitis has been poorly reported. The case is presented of a 67-year-old patient with a history of recurrent abortion and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism who was admitted due to haemopty sis. At the initial evaluation, a massive alveolar haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis were diagnosed. The results of the antibodies were positive for ANCA with P-type pattern, anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies, and antiphospholipid antibodies (anti-β2 IgG glycoprotein 1 and lupus anticoagulant). Diagnosis of ANCA positive vasculitis-type microscopic polyangiitis was made in association with antiphospholipid syndrome. Given the clinical context, it was decided to initiate intravenous methylprednisolone in pulses for 3 consecutive days, fol lowed by oral prednisone, and as maintenance therapy, rituximab and anticoagulation with warfarin were instituted. The clinical evolution of the patient was satisfactory, with symp tom control being achieved, as well as a significant improvement of renal and pulmonary function, with a decrease in the Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS).

RESUMEN El síndrome antifosfolípido se asocia frecuentemente con lupus eritematoso sistémico y otras enfermedades autoinmunes. Sin embargo, la coexistencia con vasculitis primaria ha sido poco reportada. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 67 arios de edad con historia de aborto recurrente y tromboembolismo pulmonar crónico, quien es admitida para estudio de hemoptisis. A la evaluación inicial se diagnosticó una hemorragia alveolar masiva y glomerulonefritis. El resultado de los anticuerpos fue positivo para anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos (ANCA) con patrón tipo perinuclear, anticuerpos anti-mieloperoxidasa y anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (anti (32 glicoproteína 1 IgG y anticoagulante lúpico), configurándose el diagnóstico de vasculitis asociada a ANCA de tipo poliangitis microscópica en asociación con síndrome antifosfolípido. Dado el contexto clínico, se decidió iniciar metilprednisolona intravenosa en pulsos por 3 días consecutivos, seguida de prednisona oral, y como terapia de mantenimiento se instauró rituximab y anticoagulación con warfarina. La evolución clínica de la paciente fue satisfactoria, alcanzando control de síntomas e importante mejoría de la función renal y pulmonar, con disminución del score BVAS.

Analysis of secondary prevention measures implemented in patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome / Análisis de las medidas de prevención secundaria introducidas en pacientes con historia de síndrome coronario agudo

Abstract Objective: To determine the pharmacological measures implemented for secondary prevention in patients with acute coronary syndrome in order to identify whether the implemented management corresponds to recommended clinical practice guidelines and to intervene in those cases where incomplete treatments are found. Methods: A pre- and post-quasi-experimental study was performed in patients with acute coronary syndrome who were affiliated with the Colombian health system. The patients were monitored for one year from the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome, and all dispensed medications were reviewed. For those patients in whom a lack of a prescription ((-blockers + renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) + dual antiaggregation + statin) was identified, an intervention was performed with their treating physicians, showing the analysis of each case, the missing medication, and the evidence supporting the recommendation. The results were measured three months later. Results: A total of 829 patients with acute coronary syndrome who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (90.1%) or coronary bypass (9.9%) were identified. The mean age was 63.8 ± 10.6 years and 73.1% were men. The recommended pharmacological therapy was completed in 729 patients (87.9% of cases). The intervention performed on the remaining 100 patients was able to add the missing drug in 23.0% of the cases. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences with the drug that should have been initiated nor with the success of the intervention. Conclusion: The majority of patients with acute coronary syndrome are adequately treated after percutaneous intervention with medications recommended by the guidelines. Limited success in the adjustment of the management acute coronary syndrome was achieved following the recommendations given to the responsible physicians.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar las medidas de prevención secundaria implementadas en pacientes que sufrieron un síndrome coronario agudo para identificar si corresponden con guías de práctica clínica e intervenir casos con tratamientos incompletos. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, antes y después, en todos los niveles de atención, en el que se incluyeron pacientes que sufrieron un síndrome coronario agudo, afiliados al sistema de salud de Colombia. Se hizo seguimiento un año (1 enero y 31 diciembre de 2014) a partir del episodio del síndrome coronario agudo y se revisó toda la medicación dispensada. En quienes se identificó falta de prescripción ((-bloqueadores + ISRAA + antiagregación dual + estatina) se realizó una intervención sobre sus médicos tratantes mostrando el análisis de cada caso, el medicamento faltante y la evidencia que avala la recomendación. Tres meses después se midieron los resultados. Resultados: Se hallaron 829 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sometidos a intervención coronaria percutánea (90,1%) o baipás coronario (9,9%). La media de edad fue 63,8 ± 10,6 años y 73,1% fueron hombres. La terapia farmacológica recomendada se cumplió en 729 pacientes (87,9% de casos). La intervención hecha sobre los 100 pacientes restantes logró que agregaran el fármaco faltante en 23,0% de casos. El análisis estadístico no mostró diferencias significativas con el fármaco que debía iniciarse ni con el éxito de la intervención. Conclusión: La mayoría de pacientes que sufrieron un síndrome coronario agudo están tratados de manera adecuada después de la intervención percutánea, con medicamentos recomendados por las guías. Se logró un limitado éxito en el ajuste del manejo tras las recomendaciones dadas a los médicos responsables.

Patrones de prescripción de medicamentos antitiroideos en una población de Colombia / Patterns of prescription of antithyroid drugs in a Colombian population

Resumen Introducción: en Colombia no se conoce la prevalência de los trastornos asociados a tirotoxicosis ni se dispone de estudios fármacoepidemiológicos acerca de la prescripción de los medicamentos antitiroideos. Objetivo: determinar los patrones de prescripción de los antitiroideos y variables asociadas a su uso en una población de pacientes en Colombia. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal, realizado entre enero 1 y marzo 30 de 2015 sobre los hábitos de prescripción de medicamentos antitiroideos en una población afiliada al sistema de salud colombiano. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas y de comedicación. Se diseñó una base de datos sobre el consumo de medicamentos y se utilizaron pruebas t de student, X 2 y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: un total de 327 pacientes en tratamiento con medicamentos antitiroideos fueron incluidos. La edad media fue de 53.7±18.1 años y 78.3% de pacientes correspondió a mujeres. El metimazol se prescribió en 95.4% de los pacientes, el propiltiouracilo en 4.6%. En 76.8% de pacientes se presentó comedicación; en particular con antihipertensivos (38.2%) y adicionalmente con propranolol (34.3%). Conclusiones: la tendencia de prescripción de medicamentos antitiroideos en Colombia es similar a lo reportado en diferentes estudios a nivel mundial. El principal medicamento antitiroideo es metimazol, con una tasa de uso mayor a la reportada en Norteamérica y en estudios europeos. Las dosis del metimazol y de propiltiouracilo reportadas en este estudio se ajustan a las recomendaciones de la Asociación Americana de Endocrinología Clínica.

Abstract Introduction: the prevalence of disorders associated with thyrotoxicosis is not known in Colombia, nor pharmacoepidemiological studies are available on the prescription of antithyroid drugs. Objective: to determine the prescription patterns of antithyroid drugs and variables associated with their use in a population of Colombian patients. Methods: cross-sectional study, conducted between January 1 and March 30, 2015 on the prescription habits of antithyroid drugs in a population affiliated with the Colombian Health System. Sociodemographic, pharmacological and comedication variables were measured. A database on drug consumption was designed and student t-tests, X 2 and logistic regression models were used. Results: a total of 327 patients in treatment with antithyroid drugs were included. The mean age was 53.7 ± 18.1 years and 78.3% of patients corresponded to women. Methimazole was prescribed in 95.4% of patients, propylthiouracil in 4.6%. In 76.8% of patients, comedication was present in particular with antihypertensive agents (38.2%) and additionally with propranolol (34.3%). Conclusions: the prescription tendency of antithyroid drugs in Colombia is similar to that reported in different studies worldwide. The main antithyroid drug is methimazole, with a rate of use higher than that reported in North America and in European studies. The doses of methimazole and propylthiouracil reported in this study are in accordance with the recommendations of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology.

Enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico y linfadenopatía generalizada. Reporte de caso / Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and generalised lymphadenopathy. Case report

Resumen La enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto es un trastorno benigno que afecta principalmente a mujeres jóvenes, se caracteriza por adenopatías de predominio en la región cervical, asociadas a fiebre y leucopenia. Aunque de etiología desconocida, hay evidencia de que una infección viral o una enfermedad autoinmune puede desencadenar la enfermedad. Se reporta un caso infrecuente en Colombia de enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico.

Abstract Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a benign disorder that mainly affects young women, and is characterised by predominantly cervical lymphadenopathy associated with fever and leukopenia. Although of unknown aetiology, there is evidence that a viral infection or autoimmune disease can trigger the disease. An uncommon case in Colombia is presented of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Time to and factors associated with initiation of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Colombia / Tiempo y factores asociados con el inicio de terapia biológica con antirreumáticos modificadores de enfermedad en pacientes con Artritis Reumatoide en Colombia

ABSTRACT Aims: To determine the time Colombian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are treated with non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) before changing to biological therapy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study that collected information about the start of antirheumatic treatment in patients of all ages with a diagnosis of RA until the change to biological DMARD therapy. Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves, from 1 January 2007 until 31 December 2013 by SPSS 23.0 for Windows, was made. Results: A total of 3880 patients (75.3% women) with a mean age of 51.3 years started non-biological DMARDs. After 5 years, 234 patients (6.0%) initiated biological DMARD therapy in 17.5 ± 13.9 months. The use of glucocorticoids (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.658-3.732), having any comedication (OR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.135-2.966) and being treated in the city of Bogota (OR: 2.30; 95%CI: 1.585-3.355) or in the cities of the Colombian Atlantic coast (OR: 2.848; 95%CI: 1.468-5.524) were associated with a higher likelihood of biological DMARD initiation. Whereas the initiation of therapy with methotrexate (OR: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.014-0.108; p < 0.001) or chloroquine (OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.092-0.187; p < 0.001) or receiving antihypertensive medication (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.421-0.960; p = 0.031) was associated with a significant reduce in likelihood. Conclusion: After 5 years of non-biological DMARD therapy, 6.0% of people with RA started biological DMARDs. Receiving glucocorticoids, having any comedication, being treated in Bogota City or cities of the Colombian Atlantic coast affected the probability of switching to biological therapy in these patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el tiempo transcurrido desde que pacientes de Colombia con artritis reumatoide (AR) en tratamiento con fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de enfermedad no biológicos (FAMEs) cambian a terapia con biológicos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva que recogió información sobre inicio de tratamiento antirreumático en pacientes de todas las edades con diagnóstico de AR hasta que pasaron a terapia con FAMEs biológicos. Se hizo un análisis de sobrevida, utilizando curvas de Kaplan-Meier, desde el 1 de enero de 2007 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2013 mediante SPSS 23.0 para Windows. Resultados: Un total de 3880 pacientes iniciaron terapia con FAMEs no biológicos, (75,3% fueron mujeres) con una edad media de 51,3 anos. Tras cinco años de seguimiento, 234 pacientes (6,0%) iniciaron FAMEs biológicos en promedio a los 17,5 ± 13,9 meses. El uso de corticoides (OR: 2,49; IC95%: 1,658-3,732; p<0,001), recibir alguna comedicación (OR: 1,83; IC95%: 1,135-2,966), ser tratado en Bogotá (OR: 2,30; IC95%: 1,585-3,355), en las ciudades de la costa Atlántica (OR: 2,848; IC95%: 1,468-5,524) estuvieron asociados con una mayor probabilidad de inicio de biológicos mientras que el uso de metotrexate (OR: 0,04; IC95%: 0,014-0,108) o cloroquina (OR: 0,13; IC95%: 0,092-0,187) o recibir medicación antihipertensiva (OR: 0,64; IC95%: 0,421-0,960) redujeron la posibilidad. Conclusiones: Después de cinco años de terapia antirreumática convencional, un 6,0% de pacientes con AR inició terapia con FAMEs biológicos. Recibir corticoides, recibir comedicación, ser tratado en Bogotá o la costa Atlántica afectan la probabilidad de cambiar a terapia biológica.

Prescription patterns and costs of antidiabetic medications in a large group of patients.

AIMS: To determine the prescription patterns of antidiabetic medications and the variables associated with their use in a Colombian population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a systematized database of approximately 3.5 million affiliates of the Colombian Health System. Patients of both genders and all ages treated uninterruptedly with antidiabetic medications for three months (June-August 2015) were included. A database was designed that included sociodemographic, pharmacological, comedication, and cost variables. RESULTS: A total of 47,532 patients were identified; the mean age was 65.5 years, and 56.3% were women. Among the patients, 56.2% (n=26,691) received medication as monotherapy. The most prescribed medications were metformin, 81.3% (n=38,664), insulins, 33.3% (n=15,848), and sulfonylureas, 21.8% (n=10,370). Among the patients, 92.8% received comedications, including antihypertensives (79.7%), hypolipemiants (65.5%), antiplatelet drugs (56.3%), analgesics (33.9%), antiulcerants (33.1%), and thyroid hormone (17.3%). The cost per 1000 inhabitants/day was $1.21 USD for metformin, $3.89 USD for insulins, and $0.02 USD for glibenclamide. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, rational prescription habits predominated, however in some cases an overuse of comedications (such as antiulcer drugs) and a large group of patients with high cost formulations were observed. Subsequent effectiveness and cost-benefit analyzes are required.

Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Colombian Municipality.

This study describes the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of leishmaniasis and the pharmacological treatment of this disease in the municipality of Pueblo Rico, Risaralda, between January 2010 and December 2014. An observational study was conducted using information from the clinical records and epidemiological reports of patients diagnosed and confirmed with leishmaniasis of any age and sex, including sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables of the therapy received. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. A total of 539 cases of leishmaniasis were confirmed, with 29.5% occurring in children under 5 years of age. The median age was 10 years, with predominance in males (55.5%). The indigenous Emberá (aboriginal Americans) were the most affected (50.8%), and 93.3% of cases occurred in people living in scattered rural areas. All lesions corresponded to cutaneous leishmaniasis, of which 251 patients had compromise of the upper limbs (46.6%), 221 of the face (41.0%), and 139 of the lower limbs (25.8%). Pentavalent antimony salts (n-methyl glucamine and sodium stibogluconate) were prescribed in 77.6% (N = 418) of the cases; miltefosine was the second most frequently prescribed medication (21.5%, N = 116). The inhabitants of rural areas and the indigenous communities are at a higher risk of acquiring the infection, particularly among infants, which highlights the importance of the biological, social, and demographic factors involved in the disease. There is a need to seek effective public health actions and further research this disease.

Comparison of medication adherence in diabetes mellitus patients on human versus analogue insulins.

Objetive: This study evaluated the results of treatment adherence scales in two cohorts of patients with diabetes mellitus treated either with human or analogue insulins. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in diabetes mellitus patients older than 18 that were being treated with human or analogue insulins. Two instruments were applied to each patient [medication possession ratio, Morisky-Green test] to evaluate treatment adherence. RESULTS: A total of 238 patients, were included. The majority (69.4%) of the subjects had human insulin and 30.6% had insulin analogue prescriptions. Out of the total, 163 (68.5%) cases were classified as adherent to therapy, according to the type of insulin, as follows: 69.9% for conventional and 65.3% for analogues; without differences between the groups (CI95%:0.450-1.458). The adherence to treatment was more probable in patients with elementary-secondary education (OR:2.341; CI95%:1.199-4.568) and less probable for those in the age range of 31-45 years (OR:0.427; CI95%:0.187-0.971). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that there are no significant statistical differences in adherence when comparing human with analogue insulin therapy. Strategies to improve treatment adherence are particularly important since they improve the clinical results.

Comparison of the impact of human vs analogue insulins on glycosylated haemoglobin in a population with diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: To compare the effect on metabolic control of treatment with conventional and analogue insulins for patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study held in cities of Colombia (Pereira and Manizales). People insured by the paid healthcare system, who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, and treated with conventional and analogue insulin for at least 6 months prior to the start of the study were sampled and followed up for 18 months. Data were collected from clinical records for each patient. Treatment groups were compared according to the type of insulin received. RESULTS: A total of 313 patients were included; overall, 56.9% were women and the mean age was 57.3 years. No statistically significant difference was found in glycosylated haemoglobin reduction at 3, 6 and 18 months when comparing patients receiving glargine vs NPH insulin (P=.403) and NPH plus zinc crystalline insulin vs glargine plus glulisine (P=.514). The percentage of patients with metabolic control increased from 27.8% to 34.2% during follow-up with all types of insulin. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin analogues were not superior to human insulin for glycaemic control. A significant proportion of patients did not attain the treatment goals; therefore, it is necessary to implement measures to improve the monitoring and control of diabetes mellitus.

Efectos adversos a largo plazo de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones: Perspectiva desde la medicina basada en la evidencia / Evidence Based Medicine Perspective on Long-Term Adverse Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors

Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) son los supresores de la secreción gástrica más efectivos y se encuentran entre los medicamentos de mayor formulación y venta en Estados Unidos; en algunos casos son prescritos sin indicación justificada. En años recientes, el reporte de reacciones adversas importantes relacionadas con su uso ha suscitado preocupación. Sin embargo, la calidad de la evidencia no ha sido concluyente y, en algunos casos, la magnitud del riesgo no es de importancia clínica. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar la evidencia disponible frente a los eventos adversos de mayor importancia relacionados con los IBP

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most effective gastric secretion suppressors and are among the most widely prescribed and widely available drugs in the United States of America. In some cases they are prescribed without justification. In recent years, concerns have arisen over reports of major adverse reactions related to the use of PPIs. However, the quality of the evidence has not been conclusive, and in some cases the magnitude of the risk has not been clinically significant. The objective of this review is to present the available evidence regarding the most important adverse events related to PPIs

Leishmaniasis mucosa en un lactante. Una presentación inusual de una enfermedad olvidada / Leishmaniasis in an infant. An unusual presentation of a forgotten disease

Las lesiones en la cavidad oral son un motivo de consulta frecuente en la edad pediátrica y un amplio número de enfermedades pueden manifestarse de esta manera. El enfoque adecuado del paciente permite establecer el diagnóstico y orientar el tratamiento. Entre las condiciones asociadas a úlceras únicas de la mucosa oral, el trauma, las infecciones y los medicamentos son consideraciones que deben tenerse presentes. La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad parasitaria, endémica en algunas regiones del país, con transmisión principalmente en áreas rurales. La leishmaniasis mucosa es una forma clínica que se caracteriza por el compromiso de la mucosa de cualquier tejido, especialmente del tracto respiratorio superior y la cavidad oral. Es más común en adultos y, aunque poco frecuente, puede comprometer solamente este tipo de tejido del labio. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 6 meses de edad, indígena de la etnia emberá, residente en zona rural, quien presenta lesión papular en labio inferior, de crecimiento progresivo, que al examen microscópico muestra la presencia de amastigotes de Leishmania spp. y responde en forma favorable al tratamiento instaurado con miltefosina.

Oral cavity lesions are a common complaint among children that have significant number of etiologies. The proper approach helps to establish the diagnosis and to guide the treatment. Several conditions associated with single oral mucosal ulcers, such as trauma, infections and medications, are considerations to keep in mind. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is endemic in some regions of the country and it is transmitted primarily in rural areas. Mucosal leishmaniasis is characterised by mucosal involvement of any tissue, especially of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It is more common in adults and although rare, may involve only the lip mucosa. We present a case report of a native Embera patient. He was 6 months old and had a papular lesion on his lower lip with progressive enlargement.The microscopic exam revealed amastigotes of Leishmania spp. and he had a good response to treatment.

Síndrome seudogripal en un paciente con terapia antituberculosa / Flu-like syndrome in a patient with antitubercular therapy

El síndrome seudogripal es un cuadro consistente en fiebre, malestar general, cefalea, mialgias y vómitos, que puede ser generado por agentes infecciosos o por medicamentos. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 69 años de edad, con cuadro de 4 meses de evolución de tos con expectoración purulenta, astenia, diaforesis nocturna y baciloscopia seriada de esputo positiva. Empieza tratamiento con rifampicina + isoniazida + pirazinamida + etambutol. Tres horas después del inicio de la terapia presenta malestar general, escalofrío, vómitos y fiebre. Al día siguiente, aunque el paciente refiere mejoría del cuadro, al ingerir la segunda dosis del tratamiento antituberculoso reaparecen los síntomas referidos. Se hace el diagnóstico de síndrome seudogripal, una entidad poco frecuente pero relacionada a algunos antibióticos para la tuberculosis, el cual debe reconocerse para establecer manejo oportuno y mejorar la adherencia a la farmacoterapia.

Flu-like syndrome is a clinical state characterised by fever, malaise, headache, myalgia and vomiting that can be generated by various infectious agents or drugs. A case of a 69 year-old man with a 4-month history of cough with purulent sputum, fatigue, night sweats and serial sputum smear for acid alcohol fast bacilli positive is presented. The patient began treatment with rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + ethambutol and three hours after treatment administration, he presented with malaise, chills, vomiting and fever. The next day, although he reported an improvement in his condition, upon taking the second therapy dose the referred symptoms recurred. Flu-like syndrome was diagnosed. This is a rare entity that has been relatedto antitubercular drugs and must be promptly identified to provide appropriate managementand to improve the patient's adherence to pharmacotherapy.

Patrones de prescripción de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales y sus costos económicos en Colombia / Prescription patterns of new oral blood thinning drugs and their economic impact in Colombia

Introducción: Durante décadas los antagonistas de la vitamina K fueron los medicamentos disponibles para el manejo del paciente que requería anticoagulación. Los llamados nuevos anticoagulantes orales, con aparente mejor perfil de seguridad han sido recientemente aprobados para algunas indicaciones, sin embargo, en Colombia es escasa la información acerca del patrón de uso de estos medicamentos. Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de prescripción de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales y variables asociadas a su uso en una población de pacientes afiliados al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) de Colombia durante el año 2014. Métodos: Un estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se seleccionaron pacientes con dispensación del dabigatran, del rivaroxaban y del apixaban durante el trimestre febrero-abril de 2014, de una base de datos de 6,5 millones de afiliados al SGSSS. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas, de comedicación (comorbilidades) y económicas. Se utilizaron pruebas t de Student, Chi cuadrado y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: Un total de 1.310 pacientes consumieron nuevos anticoagulantes orales, con predominio masculino (57,2%), en monoterapia (88,0%) y la asociación con antiagregantes se presentó en el 10,5%. El agente más prescrito fue el rivaroxaban (52,9%). El costo por 1.000 habitantes/día del dabigatran COP $ 334,6, del rivaroxaban COP $ 930,7 y del apixaban COP $ 32,6. El 49,1% de pacientes tenía diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular. Conclusiones: El rivaroxaban fue el medicamento con mayor costo. A partir de estos patrones se puede determinar que los nuevos anticoagulantes orales se están empleando principalmente en monoterapia. Se requieren nuevos estudios que evalúen la efectividad y la seguridad en la población colombiana.

Introduction: For decades, vitamin K antagonists were the drugs available for management of patients requiring anticoagulation therapy. The so-called new oral blood thinners, with an apparently better safety profile, have been approved for some cases; however, Colombia still lacks the information on prescription patterns for these drugs. Objetive: To determine prescription patterns of new oral blood-thinning drugs and the variables associated to their intake in a group of patients affiliated to the Colombian General Health and Social Security System (SGSSS) during 2014. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Patients taking dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban during the February-April 2014 quarter were selected from the database of 6.5 SGSSS affiliated members. Sociodemographic, pharmacological, co-medication (comorbidities) and economic variables were assessed. Student's t test, chi-square test and logistic regression models were used. Results: A total of 1,310 patients were administered new oral blood thinners, with a male predominance (57.2%), in single-drug therapy (88%), and an association with antiplatelet drugs was present in 10.5% of the cases. The most commonly prescribed medication was rivaroxaban (52.9%). The cost per 1,000 people/day of dabigatran COL $ 334.6, of rivaroxaban COL $ 930.7 and apixaban COL $ 32.6. 49.1% of the patients had a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Conclusions: Rivaroxaban was the medication with the greater cost. Based on these patterns it can be determines that the new oral blood-thinning drugs are being used mainly as a single-drug therapy. More studies assessing the efficacy and safety profile in Colombian population need to be conducted.

Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus treated with conventional or analogue insulins.

AIMS: The results of two scales that measure quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus treated with conventional or analogue insulin were evaluated and compared. METHODS: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study, conducted in the cities of Pereira and Manizales, Colombia, in a care facility between 1 August 2013 and 30 March 2014. A total of 238 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2 who had been undergoing treatment with conventional or analogue insulin for at least 6months. Comparison of the results of the Diabetes 39 (specific) and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) (generic) tools it was performed. Comparisons between the results of the two instruments were performed. Tests for parametric and non-parametric distribution (Pearson's correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney U test, Student's t-test and Wilcoxon test) were used. RESULTS: The mean age was 57.7±16.6years. Conventional insulin was prescribed to 69.6% of patients, and analogue insulin was prescribed to 30.4% of patients. Diabetes-39 (D-39) showed 24.7% of subjects with a high quality of life. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing patients prescribed conventional or analogue insulin (p=0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.375-1.419). In the EQ-5D survey, 45.7% claimed to have a high quality of life, without statistically significant differences between groups (p=0.56; 95%CI: 0.676-2.047). CONCLUSIONS: No differences between patients receiving conventional insulin versus analogue insulin were detected in terms of quality of life. The group aged over 60years requires special attention to improve their quality of life, and programs should focus on those individuals.

Anticholinergic Risk and Frequency of Anticholinergic Drug Prescriptions in a Population Older Than 65.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk and frequency of anticholinergic drug prescriptions in a population affiliated with the Colombian General System of Social Security in Health. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013. PARTICIPANTS: Patients older than 65 years who received drugs with the potential to block cholinergic receptors, in accordance with an anticholinergic risk scale. MEASUREMENTS: The total anticholinergic load was determined by the sum of the risk of each prescribed drug. RESULTS: The study included a total of 27,654 patients with a mean age of 76.1 ± 7.6 years, and 61.9% were women. A total of 9.1% of the population older than 65 years had received a prescription of at least one of these drugs, and the prevalence of these prescriptions was 112.5 per 1000 members. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was 1.4, and the drugs most frequently prescribed contained trazodone, methocarbamol, and loratadine. Being prescribed by practitioners of surgical or related specialties was the only variable significantly associated with prescriptions with high anticholinergic risk in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio 1.61; 95% confidence interval 1.335-1.934; P < .001). CONCLUSION: We found a high frequency of prescription medications with some degree of anticholinergic load, and in almost half of the patients, the anticholinergic risk score was very high. The prevalence of prescription of these drugs falls in the range of that reported globally. It is essential to educate prescribers about the risk to their patients.

Effectiveness and clinical inertia in the management of hypertension in patients in Colombia.

Determine the effectiveness of treatment and the frequency of clinical inertia in the management of hypertension in Colombian patients. A retrospective study with prospective follow-up of individuals on antihypertensive medication who were treated on medical consultation for 1 year was conducted in 20 Colombian cities. Clinical inertia was considered when no modification of therapy occurred despite not achieving control goals. A total of 355 hypertensive patients were included. From a total of 1142 consultations, therapy was effective in 81.7% of cases. In 18.3% of the cases, the control goal was not achieved, and of these, 81.8% were considered clinical inertia. A logistic regression showed that the use of antidiabetics (odds ratio: 2.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.290-4.167; P = .008) was statistically associated with an increased risk of clinical inertia. With a determination of the frequency of inertia and the high effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment, valuable information can be provided to understand the predictors of clinical inertia.

Insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria a aciclovir: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Acute renal failure secondary to acyclovir. Case report and literature review

La excreción renal es uno de los principales mecanismos para la eliminación de medicamentos, lo cual convierte a los riñones en blanco frecuente de lesión. Distintos medicamentos han sido asociados a desarrollo de insuficiencia renal aguda. El aciclovir es un antiviral altamente efectivo en el tratamiento de infecciones por virus del complejo Herpesviridae y puede causar daño renal agudo por depósito de cristales en los túbulos contorneados distales. Se presenta el caso de un paciente, quien desarrolla insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria probablemente a tratamiento con aciclovir intravenoso administrado para manejo de herpes zóster facial.

Renal excretion is one of the main mechanisms for the elimination of drugs, which makes the kidneys a frequent target of injury. Various drugs have been associated with development of acute renal failure. Acyclovir is an antiviral highly effective in the treatment of herpes virus infections and can cause acute kidney damage for crystal deposition in the distal convo-luted tubules. Here we present a case report on a patient who developed acute renal failure likely due to intravenous acyclovir administered for the treatment of facial herpes zoster.